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what are transition metals and why they are called so ?
These are the elements which invove the filling of d-subshell. And these elements lie in between the s-block and p-block elements so these are known as transition elements.
The rate constant of a first order reaction is 3.0 x 10 -8 s-1 . what is the rate of the reaction when the concentration of reactant is 1.5 mol L-1 ?
The rate constant of a first order reaction is 3.0 x 10 -8 s-1 . what is the rate of the reaction when the concentration of reactant is 1.5 mol L-1
For the reaction : N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 , the rate of reaction measured as ∆[NH3]/∆t was found to be 2.4 x 10-4 mol L-1 s -1 . Calculate the rate of reaction expressed in terms of (i) N2 and (ii) H2 .
Question : For the reaction : N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 , the rate of reaction measured as ∆[NH3]/∆t was found to be 2.4 x 10-4 mol L-1 s -1 . Calculate the rate of reaction expressed in terms of (i) N2 and (ii) H2 .
Solved numericals related to chemical kinetics
Calculation of the rate of reaction. Here we have some examples here is the solution
Learn periodic table in just 25 minutes in punjabi .
you can learn the complete chapter in just 25 minutes.
Quick and easy way to learn the organic nomenclature (with video).
Most of the students find it difficult to learn and apply the knowledge related to the organic nomenclature. Here in this post you simply need to memorise the following table and after that there are a few steps related to that.
How we can make epoxyethane from ethene and epoxypropane from propene ?
It can be done by the following reaction.
How the direct hydration of alkene is done ?
The direct hydration of alkene leads to the formation of alcohols. The reaction takes place according to the markovnikov’s rules for addition reaction. For example we can make 2-methyl propan-2-ol (tertiary – butyl alcohol) from 2- methyl propene (Isobutylene) as shown in the above reaction.
How we can make ethylene chlorohydrin from ethylene ?
The ethylene chlorohydrin can be prepared by the reaction of ethylene with Hypochlorus acid (Hypohalus acid) It is a kind of addition reaction.
How alkene reacts with hypohalus acid (HOX) ?
It is a type of addition reaction in which the hydroxyl and halogen groups are introduced in alkene molecule . The alkenes react with freshly prepared solution of hypohalus acid. The acid is formed by the reaction of dihalogen with water. The hypohalus acid gives Halohydrin on reacting with alkene.
What is the mechanism for anti markovnikov addition or kharasch effect or peroxide effect ?
The mechanism for this kind of reaction involves the formation of free radicals, and the relative stability of different molecules will decide the formation of major and minor products. Step 1 , Chain initiation :- First of all , the homolytic cleavage takes place in peroxide molecule as shown below :- Step2 Chain propagation :-…
What is anti markovnikov addition or peroxide effect or Kharasch effect ?
It is the phenomenon which is seen in case of addition of hydrogen halide in the presence of a peroxide like benzoyl peroxide. The major product in this kind of reaction is the alkane in which the halide is attached to terminal or the less substituted carbon atom as shown below.
Why the but-2-ene is major product of beta elimination of 2-Bromobutane ?
This is due to the following reason :- This is in accordance with sytzeff rule that whenever two alkenes are theoretically possible during a dehydrohalogenation reaction , it is always the more highly substituted alkene which predominates . It can also be best understood by the following illustrations showing the stabilizes of primary(1°) , secondary…
What are the products of beta elimination of haloalkanes?
The haloalkanes give alkenes on undergoing beta elimination. But in case if we there is unsymmetrical haloalkane , the product formation follows Sytzeff rule as shown below.
How the addition of hydrogen halide takes place in case of unsymmetrical alkenes ?
In case of unsymmetrical alkenes the addition of hydrogen halide takes place according to the markovnikov’s rule . During this reaction under markovnikov’s rule the positive part of the attacking reagent joins with the carbon with more number of Hydrogen and the negative part of attacking reagent joins with the more substituted carbon.
How we can make alkyl halides or haloalkanes from alkenes ?
We can make haloalkanes from the alkenes by treating them with rhe hydrogen halides HX . Here the double bond is converted into single bond , hydrogen and halogen gets attached to the carbons involved in double bond.
How we can prepare dibromoethane from ethene ?
We can make the dibromoethane from ethene by the addition of halogen in ethene , in the presence of carbon tetrachloride. In the presence of ether as a solvent the above reaction takes place. The dihalo products are formed in which the halogen groups are present on adjacent carbon atoms.
How we can prepare ethane (alkane) from ethene (alkene) ?
By catalytic hydrogenation we can get the alkanes from the alkenes. The reaction takes place by reacting ethene with hydrogen in the presence of platinum and pladium and Rany nickel (active form of Nickel) Here is the reaction :-
Mechanism for electrophillic addition reactions of alkenes
The mechanism involves the following steps :- Step 1 :- In first step the polarity is developed on the bromine molecule , and the partial positive side of the bromine molecule attacks on the carbon atom of the double bond. This leads to the formation of carbocation. Step 2 :- In second step the negative…
Why the alkenes give electrophillic addition reactions ?
Alkenes give electrophillic addition reactions because of the following reasons:- 1. The pie electrons of the double bond attract electrophiles . 2. The electron density is more on the C-C double bond , so the electrophiles preferably attack on it as compared to the electrophiles which are repelled.
How we can prepare alkene from dicarboxylic acids ? Kolbes’s electrolysis
In this reaction the decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acids take place . The potassium salts of dicarboxylic acid give alkene as the COO- group is removed as CO2 , this leads to the formation of double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms.
What is the mechanism of acidic dehydration of monohybrid alcohol ?
The complete mechanism takes place in three steps as shown below :- Step 1 :- Step 1 involves the release of Hydronium ion (proton) and then the attack of proton on the lone pair electrons of oxygen. By this way protonated alcohol is formed. Step 2 :- This step is slow and rate determining step.…
How we can prepare the alkenes from dihaloalkanes or vicinal dihalides ?
By just heating in the presence of methanol we can get the alkene by treating the vicinal dihalides with zinc. Here Is the complete reaction:-
What is beta elimination in dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides ?
In these kind of reactions the Saytzeff rule is followed. Here is the reaction and its conditions:-
How we can prepare alkene from alkyl halides ?
We can obtain the alkenes from alkyl halides by the Dehydrohalogenation. In this kind of reaction the halogen and hydrogen from adjacent carbon are removed to make a double bond in the presence of alcohlic KOH . The reaction is shown below.
What is cracking or pyrolysis of alkanes ?
It is a kind of reaction in which under suitable conditions of temprature and pressure a simple alkane can give various products. As shown below. Pyro means the heat and lysis means the breaking, so it is a process of breaking the alkanes in the presence of heat.
What is birch reduction give its reaction ?
In this kind of reduction the alkynes are reduced with sodium in liquid ammonia. This leads to the formation of Trans alkenes.
How we can prepare But-2-ene(alkene) from But-2-yne (alkyne) by the partial reduction ?
By the partial reduction of alkynes we can obtain alkenes.
How we can make toluene from n-heptane ? Cyclisation of alkane
The alkane on treatment with chromium oxide , 773 kelvin temprature and 10 to 20 atmospheric pressure gives the aromatic compound. As in the following reaction we can get the toluene.
How we can do aromatisation in alkanes ? How n hexane can be converted into benzene ?
The aromatisation of alkanes can be carried out under rigorous conditions. N-hexane can be converted into benzene, under the high condition of pressure that is 10 to 20 atmospheric pressure and temprature nearly 773 kelvin. Firstly we will get cyclohexane, on further dehydrogenation we get the benzene as shown below.
How we can prepare 2-methylpropane or isobutane from Butane ? Or What are the isomerisation reactions shown by alkanes ?
The Alkanes show isomerisation reactions in which one isomer is converted to another isomer under certain conditions. We can convert the Butane into isobutane by treating it with Aluminium chloride and Hydrochloric acid at 573 kelvin temprature.
What are the products of the catalytic oxidation in alkanes.
The catalytic oxidation of alkanes leads to the formation of alcohols , aldehydes and carboxylic acids under various conditions . The detailed reactions are as follows :- 1. Prepration of alcohol on reaction with oxygen in the red hot copper tube. 2. Preparation of aldehyde This reaction takes place in the presence of Molybodinum trioxide.…
What are the oxidation reactions of Alkanes ?
The oxidation of alkanes is of two types 1 . Complete oxidation or combustion 2. Incomplete combustion 3. Reaction with steam 4. Catalytic oxidation These reactions can be seen in the given link
How does n- hexane alkane reacts with Sulphuric acid ?
The n-hexane or alkanes give the following reaction on reacting with Sulphuric acid. The above reaction is also known as the sulphonation of alkanes.
Mechanism of substitution reactions of Alkanes
This kind of reactions involve the formation of free radical intermediates. Following are the steps of mechanism :- Step 1 :- Chain initiation In this step the bond in halide molecule breaks by a homolytic cleavage . And this leads to the formation of free radicals. Step 2 :- Chain propagation In this step the…
How does the Alkanes react with halides and expalin what is its mechanism ?
It is a kind of substitution reaction. Where the halide replaces a hydrogen atom from the alkane and form haloalkane.
Why Zn , Hg and Cd are not considered as transition metals ?
In case of these elements the d-subshell is completely filled in their neutral as well as in their common oxidation states. Thus these elements don’t react or behave like the members of d-subshell.
why the Second ionisation enthalpy for Cr chromium and Cu copper is usually high ? explain
Let’s see the detail behind this 1. In case of Chromium In case of Chromium, its configuration is d⁶ , after loosing an electron it attains the d⁵ configuration. Now this configuration has half filled d orbital which makes it stable thus we will need more energy. 2. In case of copper Now in this…
In which compound transition metals show very low oxidation states ?
The compounds having ligands of pie acceptor character in addition to the sigma bonding, show very low oxidation states. For example CO and NO.
Write spin only formula for the calculation of magnetic moment .
It is as follows :- Where the n = number of unpaired electrons
Name the catalyst used in contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid .
Vanadium pentaoxide is used in the contact process of production of sulphuric acid.
In which reaction Nickel (Ni) is used as catalyst ?
It is used in the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes.
What are interstitial compounds ?
The compounds formed by the trapping of small atoms like H, C and N in the interstitial space of the crystal lattice of metals.
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About Me
Hi, I’m Ankush Sharma. post graduate in chemistry and organic chemistry specialist
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