Chemistry
What type of ion forms when a neutral atom loses an electron?
When an atom looses an electron , we get a positively charged atom or ion, which is called “Cation”. Na —–>1electron + Na¹+
Which acid is known as the king of chemistry or chemicals.
It is the sulphuric acid that is known as the king of chemicals. This title is given to sulphuric acid because the industrial growth of a nation is assessed on the basis of production and use of sulphuric acid.
Preparation of aldehyde from Phenol (Reimer tiemann reaction)
Reimer tiemann reaction is an ideal reaction for the preparation of aldehydes.
Preparation of ketone from benzene
here in this reaction the benzene reacts with phosgene , the both of chlorine atoms of phosgene are lost with H-atoms from both benzene molecules , and carbonyl group forms bond with both of the benzene molecules , giving rise to the Benzophenone. This is an important reaction in the synthesis of ketones only.
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones by dehydrogenation of alcohols.
Here in this type of reaction the Copper is used as a catalyst and temperature of reaction is maintained at 573 kelvin. Primary alcohols give aldehydes and secondary alcohols give Ketones.
Methods of Preparation of Aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcohols
The oxidation of alcohols is an important reaction , the primary alcohols give aldehydes whereas the secondary alcohols give ketones. the reactions are as follows.
Ring Substitution reactions of Aromatic acids.
In case of aromatic acids the “COOH” group being electron withdrawing in nature , decreases the electron density on the ring. the meta position is least affected by the electron withdrawing group and thus the electron density is higher than other resonating structures. thus the substitution reactions give meta products.
Formation of amides from carboxylic acids
Various carboxylic acids react with ammonia to give an ammonium salt which further give amid on dehydration. The phthalamide synthesized by this method is a starting point for various reactions used in chemical industries.
Zeeman effect.
It is the splitting of spectral lines in hydrogen spectra due to the effect of external magnetic field .
Mechanism of Esterification of Carboxylic Acids.
In case of Esterification the nucleophile(centre loving specie that attacks on the electron deficit site) attacks on the carbocation intermediate formed during the reaction. The attack leads to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate which on rearrangement(proton shift) and loss of water molecule, leads to the final product. the step-wise and easy illustration is given
Stark effect
It is the splitting of spectral lines into further fine lines due to the presence of external electric field.
what is resonance and the rules of writing the resonating structures.
When two or more valence-bond structures are possible, differing only in the placement of electrons, the molecule will usually show characteristics of both structures. The different structures are called resonance structures or resonance forms because they are not different compounds, just different ways of drawing the same compound. The actual molecule is said to be
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Hi, I’m Ankush Sharma. post graduate in chemistry and organic chemistry specialist
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