This is the phenomenon which arise due to the inability of inner electrons to take part in the chemical reactions. For example in case of group 15 we have Phosphorus, Arsenic , Tin and Bismuth. They all show the oxidation states of +3 and +5, but as we move down the group we will see
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What is a ”three centre two electron bond”? These are the type of covalent bonds in which overlapping of orbitals of three atoms take place but sharing only two electrons. These type of bonds that are found in electron deficient molecules. for example in case of BF3 , the molecule exists as a dimer that
The Unconditional Guru 